HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Permissions Request Permissions Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (13) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Sato, H. Articles by Evans, T.W. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Sato, H. Articles by Evans, T.W.

KL-6 levels are elevated in plasma from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

¹ Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, and ² Dept of Critical Care Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.

CORRESPONDENCE: T.W. Evans, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, UK. Fax: 44 2073518524. E-mail: t.evans@rbh.nthames.nhs.uk

Keywords: acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, KL-6, mechanical ventilation

Received: July 23, 2003
Accepted October 9, 2003

KL-6 ELISA kits were kindly provided by Eisai Co. (Tokyo, Japan). H. Sato is supported by a grant from Eisai Co.. M.E.J. Callister is supported by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship. This work was supported partly by the British Lung Foundation and the Dunhill Medical Trust. ^¶Joint first authors.

	Abstract

TOP Abstract Materials and methods Results Discussion References

 
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an extreme form of lung injury characterised by disruption to the alveolar epithelium. KL-6 is a mucin-like glycoprotein expressed on type II pneumocytes. Circulating levels of KL-6 have diagnostic and prognostic significance in a number of interstitial lung diseases, and when elevated are thought to indicate disruption of the alveolar epithelial lining. In this study, the authors sought to determine whether plasma KL-6 levels were elevated in patients with ARDS and whether these were associated with aetiology, disease severity, outcome or ventilatory strategy.

Plasma samples were collected from 28 patients with ARDS, nine ventilated controls of matched illness severity and 10 healthy individuals. KL-6 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Patients with ARDS had higher plasma levels of KL-6 (median 537 U·mL^–1, interquartile range (IQR) 383–1,119), as compared to ventilated controls (median 255 U·mL^–1, IQR 83–338) and normal individuals (median 215 U·mL^–1, IQR 149–307). In patients with ARDS, plasma KL-6 levels were higher in nonsurvivors than survivors, and correlated positively with oxygenation index and negatively with arterial oxygen tension:inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio. There were also significant positive correlations with mean and peak airway pressures.

Elevated levels of plasma KL-6 may provide a useful marker for acute respiratory distress syndrome in ventilated patients and have possible prognostic significance. Alveolar epithelial cell damage may be influenced by the nature of mechanical ventilatory support.

KL-6 is a mucin-like glycoprotein expressed on epithelial cells. Serum levels of KL-6 are elevated in a variety of respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions, including breast and pancreatic cancer 1, 2, and diabetes mellitus 3. However, most attention has focused on KL-6 as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in respiratory disease. Thus, serum KL-6 levels are elevated and correlate with disease activity in patients with interstitial pneumonia 4, alveolar proteinosis 5, pulmonary sarcoidosis 6 and radiation pneumonitis 7. Immunohistochemical studies have shown that KL-6 is strongly expressed on type II pneumocytes, and serum KL-6 levels are regarded as an index of alveolar epithelial cell damage and subsequent regeneration 8, 9. Moreover, serum KL-6 levels have been shown to correlate with indices of alveolar-capillary permeability 10, suggesting a link between serum KL-6 and alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunction.

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults is an extreme form of lung injury characterised by refractory hypoxaemia developing in the presence of radiological evidence of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Damage to, and disruption of, the alveolar epithelial lining is a key feature in the pathophysiology of ARDS, and leads to the development of pulmonary oedema and respiratory failure. Furthermore, inappropriate ventilatory strategies that lead to the cyclical opening and closing of atelectatic alveoli, together with alveolar overdistention, can worsen pre-existing lung injury. Consequently, ventilatory strategies developed recently now aim to limit shear forces applied to the lung parenchyma through the application of low tidal volumes (6 mL·kg^–1 predicted body weight) and limited airway pressures (plateau pressure <30 cmH₂O), an approach associated with significant falls in mortality 11.

The aims of this study were, first, to ascertain whether plasma levels of KL-6 were elevated in ARDS compared to appropriate controls. Secondly, the authors wanted to determine whether plasma levels of this glycoprotein were related to aetiology, disease severity, outcome or ventilatory strategy.

	Materials and methods

TOP Abstract Materials and methods Results Discussion References

 
Plasma samples were collected from 28 patients with ARDS (16 consecutive survivors 1998–2002 and 12 consecutive nonsurvivors 1996–2001), nine ventilated patients without lung injury and 10 healthy controls. Initial samples were collected from patients with ARDS at the earliest possible time after the patient met defining criteria 12 or as soon as was clinically possible after admission to the current authors' intensive care unit (ICU). Thus, 12 patients were admitted to other ICUs prior to transfer to the authors' institution. Taking this into account, the total median duration of ARDS at the time of initial sample collection was 6.5 days. Nineteen of the patients with ARDS had a further sample collected later during their clinical course (median interval between samples 11 days).

Clinical information recorded included age, sex, aetiology of lung injury and details of past medical history (including incidence of diabetes mellitus and malignant disease). Illness severity (assessed using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score 13) and respiratory/ventilatory parameters (oxygenation index, arterial oxygen tension (P_a,O2):inspiratory oxygen fraction (F_i,O2) ratio, arterial carbon dioxide tension (P_a,CO2), tidal volume, peak airway pressure, mean airway pressure and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)) were recorded for patients (at the time of early sample collection) and ventilated controls. The oxygenation index was the product of F_i,O2 and mean airway pressure/P_a,O2.

The study protocol was approved by the Royal Brompton and Harefield Trust Research Ethics Committee. Informed written consent was obtained for healthy control patients and assent from relatives was obtained for ventilated patients. The plasma level of KL-6 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a KL-6 antibody kit (ED046; Eisai Co., Tokyo, Japan), as described previously 14.

All ELISA measurements were made in duplicate and results are expressed as median values and interquartile ranges (IQR). Comparisons between three groups were made using a Kruskal-Wallis test and comparisons between two groups were made using a two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Correlations between variables were assessed using Spearman nonparametric analysis.

	Results

TOP Abstract Materials and methods Results Discussion References

 
Demographic and clinical information for patients and controls are shown in table 1. The patients with ARDS and the ventilated control group were well matched for illness severity, although the former were significantly younger. However, there was no relationship between age and plasma KL-6 concentration in the study population as a whole.

Plasma KL-6 concentrations were significantly elevated in the early plasma sample taken from patients with ARDS (537 U·mL^–1, IQR 383–1,119), as compared to both ventilated (255 U·mL^–1, IQR 83–338, p<0.001) and nonventilated healthy (215 U·mL^–1, IQR 149–307, p<0.001) controls, but no significant difference emerged between levels in the ventilated and nonventilated control groups (fig. 1a). KL-6 concentrations remained elevated in samples collected from patients later in the course of ARDS compared to both ventilated and healthy controls (p<0.001 for both comparisons; table 1). There was no significant difference between KL-6 levels in the early and late samples.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1.— Plasma KL-6 concentrations in a) patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (early sample), ventilated controls and healthy controls, and b) ARDS survivors and nonsurvivors (early samples). Horizontal line indicates median value. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.001.

	Discussion

TOP Abstract Materials and methods Results Discussion References

 
This study demonstrates elevated levels of KL-6 in plasma from patients with ARDS when compared to ventilated controls of matched illness severity and healthy controls. These results suggest that increased plasma levels of KL-6 inpatients with ARDS reflect the pathophysiology of lung injury, rather than representing a nonspecific effect of mechanical ventilation or critical illness. Furthermore, these results are not explained by the incidence of other conditions known to cause elevated KL-6 levels in plasma (e.g. diabetes mellitus, malignant disease or other interstitial lung disease).

Secondly, significant correlations between plasma KL-6 levels and indices of lung injury severity (oxygenation index and P_a,O2:F_i,O2 ratio) have been shown for the first time within the ARDS population. There was no relationship between KL-6 and global illness severity, as measured by the SOFA score.

Thirdly, a significant difference in KL-6 levels between survivors and nonsurvivors of ARDS has been demonstrated. Lung injury and primary respiratory failure are not considered to be principal causes of mortality in patients with ARDS, and the majority of nonsurviving patients in this study died from multiple organ failure. The current findings therefore suggest a possible relationship between disruption of the alveolar epithelium and poor outcome in ARDS.

Finally, significant relationships have been shown between plasma KL-6 concentrations and certain ventilatory parameters. KL-6 levels correlated with peak and mean airway pressure, and there was a trend towards a statistically significant relationship with tidal volume, possibly indicating an association between ventilatory strategy and alveolar cell damage in ARDS. The majority of patients entered into this study were recruited prior to the publication of the ARDSNet trial of low tidal volume ventilation in ARDS 11. Some were therefore ventilated using tidal volumes that exceeded the recommended limit of 6 mL·kg body weight^–1 (plateau pressures were not recorded on the archived database). However, KL-6 levels remain significantly higher in the ARDS population, as compared to both control populations, even when patients ventilated with tidal volumes >6 mL·kg^–1 were excluded from analysis (p<0.05; data not shown).

These data suggest that elevated levels of plasma KL-6 may provide a useful marker for acute respiratory distress syndrome in ventilated patients. Secondly, the finding that plasma KL-6 levels relate to severity of lung injury and mortality suggests a link between disruption of the alveolar epithelial lining and a poor outcome in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Finally, the relationship between plasma KL-6 concentration and airway pressures in mechanical ventilation is consistent with the hypothesis that ventilatory strategy influences alveolar epithelial damage in this syndrome.

	References

TOP Abstract Materials and methods Results Discussion References

 

1. Ogawa Y, Ishikawa T, Ikeda K, et al. Evaluation of serum KL-6, a mucin-like glycoprotein, as a tumor marker for breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:4069–4072.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Kohno N, Inoue Y, Hamada H, et al. Difference in sero-diagnostic values among KL-6-associated mucins classified as cluster 9. Int J Cancer Suppl 1994;8:81–83.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. Takahashi T, Takamura K, Sakaue S, Ishii J, Yokouchi H, Nasuhara Y. Elevated serum KL-6 concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications 2002;16:352–358.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Kobayashi J, Kitamura S. KL-6: a serum marker for interstitial pneumonia. Chest 1995;108:311–315.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Takahashi T, Munakata M, Suzuki I, Kawakami Y. Serum and bronchoalveolar fluid KL-6 levels in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1294–1298.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Kobayashi J, Kitamura S. Serum KL-6 for the evaluation of active pneumonitis in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 1996;109:1276–1282.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Hamada H, Kohno N, Akiyama M, Hiwada K. Monitoring of serum KL-6 antigen in a patient with radiation pneumonia. Chest 1992;101:858–860.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Kohno N, Awaya Y, Oyama T, et al. KL-6, a mucin-like glycoprotein, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with interstitial lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:637–642.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Kuwano K, Maeyama T, Inoshima I, et al. Increased circulating levels of soluble Fas ligand are correlated with disease activity in patients with fibrosing lung diseases. Respirology 2002;7:15–21.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
10. Inoue Y, Barker E, Daniloff E, Kohno N, Hiwada K, Newman LS. Pulmonary epithelial cell injury and alveolar-capillary permeability in berylliosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:109–115.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1301–1308.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:818–824.[Abstract]
13. Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:707–710.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
14. Ohnishi H, Yokoyama A, Kondo K, et al. Comparative study of KL-6, surfactant protein-A, surfactant protein-D, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as serum markers for interstitial lung diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:378–381.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. J. Lederer, S. Jelic, R. C. Basner, A. Ishizaka, and J. Bhattacharya Circulating KL-6, a biomarker of lung injury, in obstructive sleep apnoea Eur. Respir. J., April 1, 2009; 33(4): 793 - 796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Vahid and P. E. Marik Pulmonary Complications of Novel Antineoplastic Agents for Solid Tumors* Chest, February 1, 2008; 133(2): 528 - 538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A R L Medford and A B Millar Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): paradox or paradigm? Thorax, July 1, 2006; 61(7): 621 - 626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Janssen, A. Kruit, J. C. Grutters, H. J. Ruven, W. B. Gerritsen, and J. M. van den Bosch The Mucin-1 568 Adenosine to Guanine Polymorphism Influences Serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 levels Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., April 1, 2006; 34(4): 496 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Permissions Request Permissions Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (13) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Sato, H. Articles by Evans, T.W. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Sato, H. Articles by Evans, T.W.